Garrulus glandarius (Linnaeus, 1758) sec. Corvids of the World

Distribution
Africa Macaronesia (Canary Is. (Canary Is. nativeB), Selvagens (Selvagens nativeB)); Northern Africa (Algeria (Algeria nativeB,C,1), Morocco (Morocco nativeB,C), Tunisia (Tunisia nativeC,D,2)), Asia-Temperate Caucasus nativeB,C; China (China North-Central (Beijing nativeC,D, Gansu doubtfully presentC, Hebei nativeC,D, Shaanxi nativeC,D, Shanxi doubtfully presentC, Tianjin nativeD), China South-Central nativeC,D, China Southeast nativeC,D, Inner Mongolia (Nei Mongol doubtfully presentC, Ningxia nativeB), Manchuria nativeC,D,3, Qinghai (Qinghai doubtfully presentC), Tibet (Tibet doubtfully presentC)); Eastern Asia (Japan nativeC,D, Korea nativeC,D, Nansei-shoto (Nansei-shoto nativeD), Taiwan (Taiwan nativeC,D)); Mongolia (Mongolia (Mongolia nativeC,D,4)); Russian Far East (Amur (Amur nativeB,C), Khabarovsk (Khabarovsk nativeB,C,5), Kuril Is. (Kuril Is. nativeC,D,6), Primorye (Primorye nativeC,D), Sakhalin (Sakhalin nativeC,D)); Siberia (Chita (Chita nativeC,D,7), Irkutsk (Irkutsk nativeB,C,8), Krasnoyarsk (Krasnoyarsk nativeB,C,9), West Siberia (West Siberia nativeC,D,10), Yakutskiya (Yakutskiya nativeB,C,11)); Western Asia (Cyprus (Cyprus nativeB,C), East Aegean Is. (East Aegean Is. nativeB,C), Iran (Iran nativeC,D,12), Iraq (Iraq nativeC,D,13), Lebanon-Syria nativeB,C, Palestine nativeB,C, Turkey (Turkey nativeB,C)), Asia-Tropical Indian Subcontinent (Assam nativeC,D, East Himalaya nativeC,D,E,14, Nepal (Nepal nativeC,D,E), Pakistan (Pakistan nativeE,15), West Himalaya nativeC,D,E); Indo-China (Cambodia (Cambodia doubtfully presentC), Laos (Laos nativeD), Myanmar (Myanmar nativeC,D), Thailand (Thailand nativeC,D,16), Vietnam (Vietnam nativeC,D,17)), Europe Eastern Europe nativeB,C,18; Middle Europe nativeB,C; Northern Europe (Denmark (Denmark nativeB,C), Finland (Finland nativeB,C,19), Great Britain (Great Britain nativeB,C), Ireland (Ireland nativeB,C), Norway (Norway nativeB,C,20), Sweden (Sweden nativeB,C,19)); Southeastern Europe nativeB,C; Southwestern Europe (Baleares (Baleares nativeB), Corse (Corse nativeB,C), France (France nativeB,C), Portugal (Portugal nativeB,C), Sardegna (Sardegna nativeB,C), Spain (Andorra nativeB,C, Spain nativeB,C))
Foraging
Largely acorns, but forages in all strata.E
Biology And Ecology
Breeding season March to June.E
Nest
Builds a fairly substantial moss and stick nest at mid-height.E
Behaviour
A restless, active species which forms loose bands outside breeding season, oftenjooining with Black-Headed Jays and blue magpies.
Flight laborious with a slightly jerky action, wings almost clapping below body; usually keeps in cover, especially while breeding.E
Flight laborious with a slightly jerky action, wings almost clapping below body; usually keeps in cover, especially while breeding.E
Voice
Generally rather silent, but calls reported from the species's wide range include mimicry; varied conversational notes; a lot cu-cr-blink-blink; chorused kler_keee; loud, rapsing, drawn-out shaak, shaak; chuckles and whistling squeals. In Thailand calls include a very harsh, rasping, complaining zZRRAy (zZRRAY) (Centred at 3 kHz, d 0.3-0.75 s, repeated irregularly; BTA); elsewhere a descending, buzzard-like mew pieeeuu (pitch 2.5-1.8 kHz, note d 1 s; Europe). Some regional calls similar to those of Grey Treepie, but higher-pitched (JCA).E
Bibliography
A. Rasmussen, P.C. & Anderton, J.C. 2012: Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide., 2nd edition, 1 and 2: 593 [8772]
C. 2003: The Howard and Moore complete checklist of the birds of the world. 3rd Edition: 504-515: 508
E. Rasmussen, P.C. & Anderton, J.C. 2012: Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide., 2nd edition, 1 and 2: 594 [8772]
F. Makatsch, W. 1955: Brood parasitism in birds. [Der Brutparasitismus in der Vogelwelt.]: 151 [8672]